锻造模具选材、润滑与维护工艺｜Forging Dies: Material, Lubrication and Maintenance
摘要：热锻模具长期承受高温、冲击与摩擦，失效形式是热疲劳龟裂、磨损塌陷和崩角。模具寿命不只取决于钢材，预热 200–350℃、水基石墨润滑、型腔清理与裂纹及时修复同等重要。
Abstract: Hot forging dies live under heat, impact and friction, and they fail by thermal fatigue cracking, wear and chipping. Steel grade is only part of die life: preheat to 200–350 °C, use water-based graphite, keep the cavity clean and repair cracks early.
正文： 热锻模具长期承受高温、冲击、摩擦，失效形式包含热疲劳裂纹、磨损、塑性变形、崩角。
Main text: A hot forging die works under heat, impact and friction at the same time. It fails by thermal fatigue cracking, wear, plastic deformation and chipping.
一、选材：按锻件材质和工作温度定
1. Material: set by the part and the working temperature
根据锻件材质、工作温度选择模具钢；普通热锻常用 H13 类热作模具钢；高载荷合金钢锻造需要更高等级模具材料。
Die steel follows the forging material and the temperature it sees. H13-type hot work steel covers most general hot forging. High-load alloy steel parts need a higher grade.
二、预热：冷模直接锻打必然开裂
2. Preheat: a cold die will crack
模具上机必须充分预热，一般 200‑350℃区间；冷模直接锻打，巨大热冲击快速产生热疲劳裂纹。
The die must be fully preheated on the press, normally into the 200–350 °C band. Start forging on a cold die and the thermal shock generates fatigue cracks almost immediately.
三、润滑冷却：水基石墨，量要合适
3. Lubrication and cooling: water-based graphite, in the right amount
采用水基石墨润滑剂，既润滑又实现模具冷却；喷涂量要合适，过少粘模，过多积碳堆积型腔。
Water-based graphite does two jobs at once: it lubricates and it cools. The spray quantity has to be right. Too little and the part sticks; too much and carbon builds up in the cavity.
四、生产过程维护与停机保养
4. In-process care and shutdown maintenance
生产过程观察型腔磨损、裂纹；型腔里面氧化皮、积碳及时清理，不允许硬杂物留在模腔内部锻打。
During the run, watch the cavity for wear and cracking. Clear scale and carbon from the cavity as they appear, and never let hard debris stay in the impression through a blow.
停机保养：生产结束，清理模具，检查裂纹；模具存放做好防锈；出现微裂纹及时修复，不要带裂纹继续生产，防止裂纹扩展造成模具崩裂。
At shutdown, clean the die, inspect for cracks and protect it against corrosion in storage. Repair micro-cracks as soon as they appear. Running a cracked die lets the crack grow until the die breaks up.
五、常见失效与对策
5. Failure modes and what helps
模具常见失效：热疲劳龟裂、型腔磨损塌陷、崩角开裂。工艺上可以通过合理预热、润滑冷却、控制坯料温度来延长寿命。
The usual failures are thermal fatigue crazing, cavity wear and sinking, and chipping at the edges. Proper preheat, disciplined lubrication and cooling, and control of billet temperature all extend life.
小结 模具寿命不完全取决于钢材，预热、润滑、日常维护工艺同等重要，建立模具点检维护工艺制度，定期检查裂纹磨损。
In short. Die life is not decided by the steel alone. Preheat, lubrication and day-to-day care matter just as much. Set up a die inspection routine and check for cracking and wear on a fixed schedule.
